What are the common symptoms of perimenopause & menopause?

 

Overview of Perimenopause & Menopause 

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Menopause is a natural biological process that signifies the end of a woman's reproductive years. While menopause is a milestone in a woman’s life, the symptoms that accompany it can vary significantly. From physical discomforts like hot flashes to emotional shifts such as mood swings, menopause can have a profound impact on a woman’s daily life. In this article, we explore the causes of menopause symptoms, the role of estrogen and progesterone, and the common signs women may experience during perimenopause and menopause.

What Are Estrogen and Progesterone? Their Functions and Importance

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Estrogen and progesterone are two primary female sex hormones that play crucial roles in the regulation of the menstrual cycle, fertility, and overall health.

 

1. Estrogen is responsible for the development of female characteristics such as the growth of breasts, the regulation of the menstrual cycle, and the development of reproductive organs.
Estrogen also has significant effects on other areas of health:

• Reproductive System: Estrogen supports the growth and function of the reproductive organs, including the uterus and ovaries.
  
  
• Heart and Blood Vessels: Estrogen influences cardiovascular health by regulating cholesterol levels, maintaining healthy arteries, and reducing the risk of heart disease.
  
  
• Bones: Estrogen aids in maintaining bone density and elasticity. As estrogen production decreases during menopause, women become more susceptible to bone loss and conditions like osteoporosis.
  
  
• Skin: Estrogen helps maintain skin moisture and elasticity, which can reduce the appearance of wrinkles and skin dryness.
  
  
• Hair: Estrogen promotes the growth of smoother and finer hair. A decrease in estrogen during menopause may result in hair thinning.
  
  
• Brain: Estrogen helps regulate body temperature, affects mood and cognition, and influences sexual desire.
  
  

2. Progesterone, often called the “pregnancy hormone,” is responsible for preparing the uterus for pregnancy and supporting fetal development. Progesterone also helps regulate menstrual cycles and balance estrogen levels.

As women enter perimenopause and menopause, the production of estrogen and progesterone begins to decrease, leading to changes in the menstrual cycle and various physical and emotional symptoms.

What Happens During Perimenopause and Menopause?

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Perimenopause refers to the period leading up to menopause when the body begins to experience hormonal changes. This phase can last several years and often starts in a woman’s 40s, though it can begin earlier. During perimenopause, women may experience irregular periods, hot flashes, sleep disturbances, and other symptoms.

Menopause is diagnosed after 12 consecutive months without a menstrual period. The transition to menopause marks the end of a woman’s fertility. The average age for menopause is 51, but it can occur earlier or later depending on genetics, health conditions, or lifestyle factors.

 

Common Symptoms of Perimenopause and Menopause

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The symptoms of menopause can be wide-ranging and affect every aspect of a woman’s life, including her physical health, emotional well-being, and relationships. These symptoms often start months or even years before menstruation stops completely (during perimenopause), and can continue for several years post-menopause.

 

1. Changes to Your Periods

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The most common early sign of perimenopause is a change in the menstrual cycle. Periods may become irregular, lighter, or heavier. As hormone levels fluctuate, the timing and flow of periods can change until menstruation eventually ceases altogether.

 

2. Hot Flashes and Night Sweats

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Hot flashes are one of the most well-known symptoms of menopause. These sudden, intense feelings of heat, typically experienced in the face, neck, and chest, can cause sweating and discomfort. Hot flashes often occur during the day but can also disrupt sleep during the night, leading to night sweats. This can contribute to fatigue, irritability, and poor daily concentration.

 

 

3. Mood Swings and Mental Health Symptoms

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Hormonal changes during perimenopause and menopause can significantly affect mental health. Many women experience mood swings, irritability, and heightened feelings of anxiety. The emotional fluctuations can range from mild to severe and may include:

• Low mood or feelings of depression.
• Increased anxiety or feelings of nervousness.
• Mood swings, which can shift from irritability to sadness.
• Low self-esteem, which may be exacerbated by physical changes such as weight gain or changes in appearance.

Some women also report experiencing brain fog, characterized by poor memory, difficulty concentrating, and mental fatigue. These cognitive changes can be distressing and may affect daily tasks and work performance.

4. Physical Symptoms

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Several physical symptoms are associated with menopause and perimenopause, affecting both the body’s function and appearance:

• Palpitations: Sudden heartbeats that are more noticeable and can cause discomfort.
  
  
• Headaches and Migraines: Many women experience an increase in headaches or migraines during this time, often more severe than usual.
  
  
• Muscle Aches and Joint Pains: Lower estrogen levels may increase joint stiffness and discomfort.
  
  
• Weight Gain and Changed Body Shape: Slowed metabolism and hormonal shifts can lead to weight gain, particularly around the abdomen.
  
  
• Skin Changes: Dry, itchy, and thinning skin may occur due to reduced collagen production due to lower estrogen levels.
  
  
  

5. Sexual Health Changes

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Menopause can also affect sexual health in various ways. Women may experience:

• Reduced Sex Drive: Lower estrogen and progesterone levels can decrease libido and sexual desire.
  
  
• Vaginal Dryness and Discomfort: Thinning vaginal tissues and a reduction in lubrication can lead to pain or discomfort during intercourse. This can also increase the risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs).
  
  
• Vaginal Atrophy: A condition in which vaginal walls become thinner and less elastic, leading to pain and discomfort.
  
  

6. Urinary Health Changes

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Many women experience an increase in urinary tract infections (UTIs) during menopause due to changes in the vaginal and urinary tract tissues. Hormonal shifts may also lead to incontinence or the frequent need to urinate.

 

7. Other Symptoms

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• Sensitive Teeth and Mouth Problems: Hormonal changes can also affect oral health, leading to sensitive teeth, painful gums, or other dental issues.
  
  
• Sleep Disturbances: Difficulty sleeping, often due to hot flashes and night sweats, is another common complaint during menopause.

Managing Menopause Symptoms

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While menopause is a natural phase, the symptoms can be challenging to manage. Fortunately, there are various menopause treatments available to help alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life. Women experiencing menopause symptoms should consult with a healthcare provider to discuss personalised treatment options, including hormone replacement therapy (HRT), lifestyle changes, and non-hormonal treatments.

Conclusion

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Menopause is a significant life transition that affects every woman differently. Understanding the common symptoms of menopause and perimenopause is essential for managing them effectively. While symptoms can be uncomfortable and disruptive, women can find relief through medical guidance and support. A menopause clinic can offer valuable resources and treatments to help women confidently navigate this life stage, ensuring they maintain their physical, mental, and emotional well-being.

With proper support and awareness, women in Singapore and around the world can face menopause with strength and resilience, embracing the changes that come with this new chapter in life.